Karl Popper, Science, & Pseudoscience: Crash Course Philosophy #8

In this episode of Crash Course Philosophy, Hank  explore the insights of the young philosopher Karl Popper, who lived during the early 1900s, a time of great scientific advancements. Popper observed the contrasting methods used by figures like Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, leading him to distinguish between science and what he termed pseudo-science. His understanding of science, knowledge, and the scientific method challenged traditional views and continues to influence philosophical thought to this day.

Different Methods of Predictions

Popper observed that Einstein and Freud made different types of predictions to understand the world. Freud's psychoanalytic theories appeared to be based on retroactively interpreting data to confirm his hypotheses, while Einstein's general theory of relativity relied on future predictions that could potentially disprove his theory. This distinction intrigued Popper and led him to delve deeper into the nature of scientific knowledge.

Scientific Method and Confirmation

Traditionally, the scientific method was perceived as observing with an unbiased eye and developing hypotheses based solely on these observations. However, Popper argued that everyone holds preconceived notions, and what one chooses to observe is influenced by their existing beliefs and interests. This realization prompted him to examine how scientific theories are tested and confirmed.

Confirmation and Falsification

Popper proposed that scientific theories should be subject to falsification, where hypotheses are tested in ways that could potentially disprove them. He emphasized that genuine scientific testing involves seeking evidence that contradicts a theory rather than attempting to confirm it. In this way, theories become more robust and reliable as they are subjected to rigorous challenges.

Probabilistic Knowledge and Contingency

Popper's insights extended beyond the realm of science to the nature of knowledge itself. He viewed knowledge as probabilistic and contingent, shaped by the likelihood of beliefs based on available data. Popper emphasized that certainty in beliefs is unattainable and potentially detrimental, as it closes the mind to new evidence. Remaining open to the possibility of being wrong fosters the pursuit of truth.

Implications for Knowledge

Popper's ideas on science and knowledge challenge the traditional notion of certainty and emphasize the importance of testing and revising beliefs based on evidence. This approach ensures that beliefs are grounded in reason and supported by data rather than personal bias or unfounded beliefs.

Karl Popper's exploration of science, pseudo-science, and knowledge has had a profound impact on philosophical thought. His emphasis on falsifiability, probabilistic knowledge, and openness to revising beliefs continues to shape how we approach scientific inquiry and the pursuit of truth. By adopting Popper's approach, we can cultivate a more rigorous and reliable understanding of the world around.